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BY , prep.
(By the side of) expressed by उप prefixed; as, ‘he sits by me,’ माम् उपास्ते; ‘a tank by a well,’ उपकूपजलाशयः. —
(Beside, denoting passage) expressed by अति prefixed; as, ‘he passes by me,’ माम् अत्येति. —
(Denoting the agent, instrument, cause, means or manner) expressed by the instr. case; as, ‘by him,’ ‘by that,’ ‘on that account,’ ‘by that means,’ ‘in that manner,’ may all be expressed by तेन. In modern Sanskrit the instrument and agent are often expressed by द्वारा or द्वारेण and कर्त्तृक; as, ‘to hit with a stick,’ काष्ठद्वारा or काष्ठद्वारेण तड्; ‘sacrifices by sages,’ ऋषिकर्त्तृकयज्ञाः. ‘By,’ in some of these senses, may often be expressed by the indec. part.; ‘a man may be happy by doing penance,’ तपस् तप्त्वा सुखी भवेत्. —
(According to) अनुरूपं, अनुसारेण; ‘by rule,’ विधिवत्, विधितस्, यथाविधि. —
(As soon as, not later than) मध्ये; as, ‘by next year,’ आगामिवत्सरमध्ये. —
(The quantity at one time) expressed by the affix शस्; as, ‘by thousands,’ सहस्रशस्; ‘by twos and threes,’ द्विशस् त्रिशस्; ‘by companies,’ पंक्तिभिः. — (Successive action) expressed by प्रति or अनु, or by repeating the word; as, ‘man by man,’ प्रतिपुरुषं; ‘day by day,’ प्रतिदिवणंor अनुदिवसं or दिवसे दिवसे. —
(By himself, alone) एकान्ततस्,निभृतं, रहसि, रहीभूतः -ता -तं. —
(In swearing or adjuring) expressed by the instr. c.; as, ‘swear not at all, neither by heaven, nor by earth,’ कमपि शपथं मा ऽकार्ष्ट स्वर्गेण न पृथिव्यान; ‘by name,’ नाम्ना, नामतस्, नामधेयतस्; ‘by force,’ बलात्,बलात्कारेण, प्रसह्म; ‘by chance,’ दैवात्; ‘by day,’ दिवा. ROOTS: उपमाम्उपास्तेउपकूपजलाशयअतिअत्येतितेनद्वाराद्वारेणकर्त्तृककाष्ठद्वाराकाष्ठद्वारेणतड्ऋषिकर्त्तृकयज्ञातपस्तप्त्वासुखीभवेत्अनुरूपंअनुसारेणविधिवत्विधितस्यथाविधिमध्येआगामिवत्सरमध्येशस्सहस्रशस्द्विशस्त्रिशस्पंक्तिभिप्रतिअनुप्रतिपुरुषंप्रतिदिवणंअनुदिवसंदिवसेएकान्ततस्निभृतंरहसिरहीभूततातंकमपिशपथंमाऽकार्ष्टस्वर्गेणनपृथिव्याननाम्नानामतस्नामधेयतस्बलात्बलात्कारेणप्रसह्मदैवात्दिवा BY , adv.
(Near) निकटे, समीपे, अन्तिके, अभितस्, आरात्. —
(By the side) पार्श्वतस्, पार्श्वे. —
(Passing by) expressed by the prep. अति; as, ‘he passes by,’ अतिक्रामति. —
(In presence) सन्निधाने,साक्षात्, अग्रे, समक्षं, सम्मुखे. ROOTS: निकटेसमीपेअन्तिकेअभितस्आरात्पार्श्वतस्पार्श्वेअतिअतिक्रामतिसन्निधानेसाक्षात्अग्रेसमक्षंसम्मुखे BY , s.
(Something not the direct object of regard) expressed, when in composition, by उप; as, ‘a duty by the by,’ i. e.‘a secondary duty,’ उपधर्म्मः.
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