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च 1. the 20th letter of the alphabet, 1st of the 2nd (or palatal) class of consonants, having the sound of ch in church. च n. 2.ind. and, both, also, moreover, as well as (= τε, Lat. que, placed like these particles as an enclitic after the word which it connects with what precedes; when used with a personal pronoun this must appear in its fuller accented form (e.g. त॑व च म॑म च [not ते च मे च], ‘both of thee and me’), when used after verbs the first of them is accented, [Pāṇ. 8-1, 58 f.] ; it connects whole sentences as well as parts of sentences; in [RV.] the double occurs more frequently than the single (e.g. अहं॑ च त्वं॑ च, ‘I and thou’, viii, 62, 11); the double may also be used somewhat redundantly in class. Sanskṛt (e.g. क्व हरिणकानां जीवितं चा-तिलोलं क्व च वज्र-साराः शरास् ते, ‘where is the frail existence, of fawns and where are thy adamantine arrows?’ [Śak. i, 10] ); in later literature, however, the first is more usually omitted (e.g. अहं त्वं च), and when more than two things are enumerated only one is often found (e.g. तेजसा यशसा लक्ष्म्या स्थित्या च परया, ‘in glory, in fame, in beauty, and in high position’ [Nal. xii, 6] ); elsewhere, when more than two things are enumerated, is placed after some and omitted after others (e.g. ऋण-दाता च वैद्यश् च श्रोत्रियो नदी, ‘the payer of a debt and a physician [and] a Brāhman [and] a river’ [Hit. i, 4, 55] ); in Ved. and even in class. Sanskṛt [[Mn. iii, 20; ix, 322] ; [Hit.] ], when the double would generally be used, the second may occasionally be omitted (e.g. इन्द्रश् च सोम, ‘both इन्द्र [and thou] सोम’ [RV. vii, 104, 25] ; दुर्भेद्यश् चा-शुसंधेयः, ‘both difficult to be divided [and] quickly united’ [Hit. i] ); with lexicographers may imply a reference to certain other words which are not expressed (e.g. कमण्डलौ च करकः, ‘the word करक has the meaning ‘pitcher’ and other meanings’); sometimes is = एव, even, indeed, certainly, just (e.g. सु-चिन्तितं चौ-षधं न नाम-मात्रेण करोत्य् अरोगम्, ‘even a well-devised remedy does not cure a disease by its mere name’ [Hit.] ; यावन्त एव ते तावांश्च सः, ‘as great as they [were] just so great was he’ [Ragh. xii, 45] ); occasionally is disjunctive, ‘but’, ‘on the contrary’, ‘on the other hand’, ‘yet’, ‘nevertheless’ (वरम् आद्यौ न चा-न्तिमः, ‘better the two first but not the last’ [Hit.] ; शान्तम् इदम् आश्रम-पदं स्फुरति च बाहुः, ‘this hermitage is tranquil yet my arm throbs’ [Śak. i, 15] ); च-च, though-yet, [Vikr. ii, 9] ; च-न च, though - yet not, [Pat.] ; - न तु (v.l. ननु) id. , [Mālav. iv, 8] ; न च - , though not - yet, [Pat.] ; may be used for वा, ‘either’, ‘or’ (e.g. इह चा-मुत्र वा, ‘either here or hereafter’ [Mn. xii, 89] ; स्त्री वा पुमान् वा यच् चा-न्यत् सत्त्वम्, ‘either a woman or a man or any other being’ [R.] ), and when a neg. particle is joined with the two may then be translated by ‘neither’, ‘nor’; occasionally one or one न is omitted (e.g. न च परिभोक्तुं नै-व शक्नोमि हातुम्, ‘I am able neither to enjoy nor to abandon’ [Śak. v, 18] ; न पूर्वा-ह्णे न च परा-ह्णे, ‘neither in the forenoon nor in the afternoon’); च-च may express immediate connection between two acts or their simultaneous occurrence (e.g. मम च मुक्तं तमसा मनो मनसिजेन धनुषि शरश् च निवेशितः, ‘no sooner is my mind freed from darkness than a shaft is fixed on his bow by the heart-born god’, vi, 8); is sometimes = चे-द्, ‘if’ (cf. [Pāṇ. 8-1, 30] ; the verb is accented), [RV.] ; [AV.] ; [MBh.] ; [Vikr. ii, 20] ; [Bhartṛ. ii, 45] ; may be used as an expletive (e.g. अन्यैश् च क्रतुभिश् च, ‘and with other sacrifices’); is often joined to an adv. like एव, अपि, तथा, तथै-व, &c., either with or without a neg. particle (e.g. वैरिणं नो-पसेवेत सहा-यं चैव वैरिणः, ‘one ought not to serve either an enemy or the ally of an enemy’ [Mn. iv, 133] ); (See एव, अपि, &c.) For the meaning of after an interrogative See 2.क॑, 2. कथा॑, कि॑म्, क्व॑); च [cf. τε, Lat. que, pe (in nempe &c.); Goth. uh; Zd. ca; Old Pers. cā.] च mfn. 3.mfn. pure, [L.] moving to and fro, [L.] mischievous, [L.] seedless, [L.] च m. m. a thief, [L.] the moon, [L.] a tortoise, [L.] शिव, [L.]
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